|
The history of Islam concerns the religion of Islam and its adherents, Muslims. "Muslim" is an Arabic word meaning "one who submits to God". Muslims and their religion have greatly impacted the political, economic, and military history of the Old World, especially the Middle East, where its roots lie. Because of the absence of historical and archaeological record non-Muslims understand Islam to have originated in Mecca and Medina. Beginning in the 7th century the Islamic world expanded to include people of the Islamic civilization, while consuming non-Muslims living in that civilization. A century after the death of last Islamic prophet Muhammad, the Islamic empire extended from Al-Andalus (Spain) in the west to Indus in the east. The subsequent empires such as those of the Abbasids, Fatimids, Almoravids, Seljukids, Ajuuraan, Adal and Warsangali in Somalia, Mughals in India and Safavids in Persia and Ottomans were among the influential and distinguished powers in the world. The Islamic civilization gave rise to many centers of culture and science and produced notable scientists, astronomers, mathematicians, doctors, nurses and philosophers during the Golden Age of Islam. Technology flourished; there was investment in economic infrastructure, such as irrigation systems and canals; and the importance of reading the Qur'an produced a comparatively high level of literacy in the general populace. In the later Middle Ages, destructive Mongol invasions from the East, along with the loss of population in the Black Death, greatly weakened the traditional centre of the Islamic world, stretching from Persia to Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire was able to conquer most Arabic-speaking areas, creating an Islamic world power again, although one that was unable to master the challenges of the Early Modern period. Later, in modern history (18th and 19th centuries), many Islamic regions fell under the influence of European Great Powers. After the First World War, Ottoman territories (a Central Powers member) were partitioned into several nations under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. ==Major periods== (詳細はIslamic state and Muslims' system of government evolved through various stages. The precise dates of various periods in history are more or less arbitrary. The ''City-state period'' lasted from 620s to 630s. The ''Imperial period'' lasted from 630s to 750s. The ''Universal period'' lasted from 750s to around 900s. These correspond to the early period of post-classical history. The ''"Decentralization" period'' lasted from around 900s to the early 1500s. This correspond to the high period and late period of post-classical history. The ''"Fragmentation" period'' lasted from around 1500s to the late 1910s. The contemporary period, referred to as the ''National period'', lasted from 1910s into the twenty-first century. ImageSize = width:800 height:125 PlotArea = width:720 height:100 left:75 bottom:20 Colors = id:time value:rgb(0.7,0.7,1) # id:period value:rgb(1,0.7,0.5) # id:span value:rgb(0.9,0.8,0.5) # id:age value:rgb(0.95,0.85,0.5) # id:era value:rgb(1,0.85,0.5) # id:eon value:rgb(1,0.85,0.7) # id:filler value:gray(0.8) # background bar id:black value:black id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9) Period = from:600 till:2000 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:100 start:600 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:10 start:600 PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 width:10 mark:(line,black) bar:Universal from:600 till: 1500 color:lightgrey text:Post-classical era bar:History from:600 till: 1500 color:lightgrey shift:(13,10) text:Middle Ages from:600 till: 1000 color:lightgrey text:Early period from:1000 till: 1300 color:lightgrey text:High period from:1300 till: 1500 color:lightgrey text:Late period from:1500 till: 2000 color:lightgrey shift:(13,10) text:Modern Age from:1500 till: 1800 color:lightgrey text:Early modern from:1800 till: 2000 color:lightgrey text:Late modern from:1900 till: 2000 color:lightgrey shift:(-1,13) text:Contemporary bar:Dynasty from:632 till: 661 color:age shift:(13,10) text:Rashidun from:661 till: 750 color:era text:Ummayad from:750 till: 1084 color:age text:Abbasid from:1084 till: 1171 color:era text:Fatimid from:1171 till: 1300 color:age text:Ayyubid from:1300 till:1515 color:era shift:(0,10) text:Mamluks from:1300 till:1385 color:era text:Bahri from:1385 till:1515 color:age text:Burji from:1515 till:1923 color:age shift:(10,10) text:Early Modern empires from:1515 till:1790 color:age text:Safavids from:1515 till:1790 color:age shift:(0,-10) text:Mughal from:1790 till:1923 color:age text:Ottoman bar:Periods from:620 till: 630 color:lightgrey shift:(13,10) text:City-state from:630 till: 750 color:lightgrey text:Imperial from:750 till: 900 color:lightgrey text:Universal from:900 till: 1500 color:lightgrey text:Decentralization from:1500 till: 1910 color:lightgrey text:Fragmentation from:1910 till: 2000 color:lightgrey text:National ::: ''Dates are approximate, consult particular articles for details.'' :: :: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Islam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|